本文介绍了可不可避免的义逻辑的扩展，以解决务实的奇数问题。该逻辑应用三个一般原则：（1）必须在CTD推理的一般逻辑处理中解决务实的奇数问题；（2）必须采用非单调方法来处理CTD推理；（3）CTD推理的逻辑模型必须在计算上是可行的，并且如果可能的话，必须有效。提议的不理deontic逻辑的扩展详细阐述了政府机构和Rotolo（2019）提出的模型的初步版本。先前的解决方案是基于逻辑（建设性，自上而下）证明理论的特定特征。但是，该方法引入了一定程度的非确定性。为了避免问题，我们提供逻辑的自下而上表征。新的特征为有效实施逻辑提供了见解，并使我们能够建立问题的计算复杂性。

Video segmentation consists of a frame-by-frame selection process of meaningful areas related to foreground moving objects. Some applications include traffic monitoring, human tracking, action recognition, efficient video surveillance, and anomaly detection. In these applications, it is not rare to face challenges such as abrupt changes in weather conditions, illumination issues, shadows, subtle dynamic background motions, and also camouflage effects. In this work, we address such shortcomings by proposing a novel deep learning video segmentation approach that incorporates residual information into the foreground detection learning process. The main goal is to provide a method capable of generating an accurate foreground detection given a grayscale video. Experiments conducted on the Change Detection 2014 and on the private dataset PetrobrasROUTES from Petrobras support the effectiveness of the proposed approach concerning some state-of-the-art video segmentation techniques, with overall F-measures of $\mathbf{0.9535}$ and $\mathbf{0.9636}$ in the Change Detection 2014 and PetrobrasROUTES datasets, respectively. Such a result places the proposed technique amongst the top 3 state-of-the-art video segmentation methods, besides comprising approximately seven times less parameters than its top one counterpart.

Scene change detection is an image processing problem related to partitioning pixels of a digital image into foreground and background regions. Mostly, visual knowledge-based computer intelligent systems, like traffic monitoring, video surveillance, and anomaly detection, need to use change detection techniques. Amongst the most prominent detection methods, there are the learning-based ones, which besides sharing similar training and testing protocols, differ from each other in terms of their architecture design strategies. Such architecture design directly impacts on the quality of the detection results, and also in the device resources capacity, like memory. In this work, we propose a novel Multiscale Cascade Residual Convolutional Neural Network that integrates multiscale processing strategy through a Residual Processing Module, with a Segmentation Convolutional Neural Network. Experiments conducted on two different datasets support the effectiveness of the proposed approach, achieving average overall $\boldsymbol{F\text{-}measure}$ results of $\boldsymbol{0.9622}$ and $\boldsymbol{0.9664}$ over Change Detection 2014 and PetrobrasROUTES datasets respectively, besides comprising approximately eight times fewer parameters. Such obtained results place the proposed technique amongst the top four state-of-the-art scene change detection methods.

Neural machine translation (NMT) has become the de-facto standard in real-world machine translation applications. However, NMT models can unpredictably produce severely pathological translations, known as hallucinations, that seriously undermine user trust. It becomes thus crucial to implement effective preventive strategies to guarantee their proper functioning. In this paper, we address the problem of hallucination detection in NMT by following a simple intuition: as hallucinations are detached from the source content, they exhibit encoder-decoder attention patterns that are statistically different from those of good quality translations. We frame this problem with an optimal transport formulation and propose a fully unsupervised, plug-in detector that can be used with any attention-based NMT model. Experimental results show that our detector not only outperforms all previous model-based detectors, but is also competitive with detectors that employ large models trained on millions of samples.

As more and more conversational and translation systems are deployed in production, it is essential to implement and to develop effective control mechanisms guaranteeing their proper functioning and security. An essential component to ensure safe system behavior is out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, which aims at detecting whether an input sample is statistically far from the training distribution. Although OOD detection is a widely covered topic in classification tasks, it has received much less attention in text generation. This paper addresses the problem of OOD detection for machine translation and dialog generation from an operational perspective. Our contributions include: (i) RAINPROOF a Relative informAItioN Projection ODD detection framework; and (ii) a more operational evaluation setting for OOD detection. Surprisingly, we find that OOD detection is not necessarily aligned with task-specific measures. The OOD detector may filter out samples that are well processed by the model and keep samples that are not, leading to weaker performance. Our results show that RAINPROOF breaks this curse and achieve good results in OOD detection while increasing performance.

In classic reinforcement learning algorithms, agents make decisions at discrete and fixed time intervals. The physical duration between one decision and the next becomes a critical hyperparameter. When this duration is too short, the agent needs to make many decisions to achieve its goal, aggravating the problem's difficulty. But when this duration is too long, the agent becomes incapable of controlling the system. Physical systems, however, do not need a constant control frequency. For learning agents, it is desirable to operate with low frequency when possible and high frequency when necessary. We propose a framework called Continuous-Time Continuous-Options (CTCO), where the agent chooses options as sub-policies of variable durations. Such options are time-continuous and can interact with the system at any desired frequency providing a smooth change of actions. The empirical analysis shows that our algorithm is competitive w.r.t. other time-abstraction techniques, such as classic option learning and action repetition, and practically overcomes the difficult choice of the decision frequency.

This paper studies the infinite-width limit of deep linear neural networks initialized with random parameters. We obtain that, when the number of neurons diverges, the training dynamics converge (in a precise sense) to the dynamics obtained from a gradient descent on an infinitely wide deterministic linear neural network. Moreover, even if the weights remain random, we get their precise law along the training dynamics, and prove a quantitative convergence result of the linear predictor in terms of the number of neurons. We finally study the continuous-time limit obtained for infinitely wide linear neural networks and show that the linear predictors of the neural network converge at an exponential rate to the minimal $\ell_2$-norm minimizer of the risk.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

能够替换人类判断的自动评估指标对于允许快速开发新方法至关重要。因此，许多研究工作集中在制定此类指标上。在这项工作中，我们退后一步，通过比较现有的自动指标和人类指标的身体来分析最近的进度。由于指标是根据它们的排名系统的方式使用的，因此我们比较系统排名空间中的指标。我们广泛的统计分析揭示了令人惊讶的发现：自动指标 - 新老 - 与彼此相比，比人类更相似。自动指标不是互补的，等级系统也类似。令人惊讶的是，人类指标彼此相互预测要比所有用于预测人类指标的自动指标的组合要好得多。令人惊讶的是，人类指标通常被设计为独立，以捕获质量的不同方面，例如内容保真度或可读性。我们对这些发现和建议进行讨论，以在评估领域的未来工作。

自动故事生成（ASG）的研究在很大程度上依赖于人类和自动评估。但是，尚无共识在哪些人类评估标准上使用，也没有分析自动标准与它们相关的良好状况。在本文中，我们建议重新评估ASG评估。我们介绍了由社会科学文学精心促进的6种正交和全面的人类标准。我们还提出了汉娜（Hanna），这是一个由10种不同ASG系统制作的1,056个故事的注释数据集。汉娜（Hanna）允许我们定量评估72个自动指标与人类标准的相关性。我们的分析强调了ASG当前指标的弱点，并使我们能够为ASG评估提出实用建议。